In studies, 400 milligrams of phenylpiracetam taken daily for a year significantly improved brain function and cognition in people recovering from a stroke;1 200 milligrams of phenylpiracetam taken for thirty days improved neurological function by 7 percent in people with brain damage2 and by 12 percent in people with epilepsy.3 In studies on rats, aniracitam improved memory and countered depression.4 A single small study of piracetam in healthy adults found that after fourteen days it significantly improved verbal learning.5

1. Robert C. Spencer, David M. Devilbiss, and Craig W. Berridge, “The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex,” Biological Psychiatry 77, no. 11 (June 15, 2015): 940–50; https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(14)00712-4/fulltext.

2. Kenta Kimura, Makoto Ozeki, Lekh Raj Juneja, and Hideki Ohira, “L-Theanine Reduces Psychological and Physiological Stress Responses,” Biological Psychology 74, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–45; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051106001451?via%3Dihub.

3. Scott H. Kollins, “A Qualitative Review of Issues Arising in the Use of Psychostimulant Medications in Patients with ADHD and Comorbid Substance Use Disorders,” Current Medical Research and Opinion 24 (April 1, 2008): 1345–57; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/030079908X280707.

4. Irena P. Ilieva, Cayce J. Hook, and Martha J. Farah, “Prescription Stimulants’ Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 6 (June 2015): 1069–89; https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn_a_00776?url_ver=Z39.88-2003𝔯_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org𝔯_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed.

5. Anna C. Nobre, Anling Rao, and Gail N. Owen, “L-Theanine, a Natural Constituent in Tea, and Its Effect on Mental State,” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 17 suppl. 1 (2008): 167–68; http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/17%20Suppl%201//167.pdf.)